Loneliness across phylogeny and a call for comparative studies and animal models.

TitleLoneliness across phylogeny and a call for comparative studies and animal models.
Publication TypeJournal Article
Year of Publication2015
AuthorsCacioppo JT, Cacioppo S, Cole SW, Capitanio JP, Goossens L, Boomsma DI
JournalPerspect Psychol Sci
Volume10
Issue2
Pagination202-12
Date Published2015 Mar
ISSN1745-6924
KeywordsAnimals, Humans, Loneliness
Abstract

Loneliness typically refers to the feelings of distress and dysphoria resulting from a discrepancy between a person's desired and achieved levels of social relations, and there is now considerable evidence that loneliness is a risk factor for poor psychological and physical health. Loneliness has traditionally been conceptualized as a uniquely human phenomenon. However, over millions of years of evolution, efficient and manifold neural, hormonal, and molecular mechanisms have evolved for promoting companionship and mutual protection/assistance and for organizing adaptive responses when there is a significant discrepancy between the preferred and realized levels of social connection. We review evidence suggesting that loneliness is not a uniquely human phenomenon, but, instead, as a scientific construct, it represents a generally adaptive predisposition that can be found across phylogeny. Central to this argument is the premise that the brain is the key organ of social connections and processes. Comparative studies and animal models, particularly when integrated with human studies, have much to contribute to the understanding of loneliness and its underlying principles, mechanisms, consequences, and potential treatments.

DOI10.1177/1745691614564876
Alternate JournalPerspect Psychol Sci
PubMed ID25910390
Grant ListR37 AG033590 / AG / NIA NIH HHS / United States
R37AG033590 / AG / NIA NIH HHS / United States