UCLA Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology,
MacDonald Research Lab,
675 Charles E Young Dr South,
Los Angeles, California 90095

(310) 794-7011

Center for Study of Opioid Receptors and Drugs of Abuse (CSORDA)

The research objectives of CSORDA are to gain insights into the mechanisms of action of endogenous opioids and opioid drugs at their cognate receptors with the goal of discerning fundamental processes contributing to behaviors such as analgesia, addiction, tolerance and withdrawal. The Center has four integrated components, which investigate the activity of opioid ligands at the molecular, cellular and behavioral levels utilizing complementary methodologies and shared resources.

The Components of CSORDA specifically investigate:

The regulation of trafficking and signaling of mu and delta receptors in vivo by high resolution imaging of mice expressing fluorescent receptors (PIs: Andrew Charles, Brigitte Kieffer) ;
The basis for mu ligand- directed signaling and receptor trafficking using primary dorsal root ganglia cells from wild-type as well as receptor and arrestin-deficient mice (PIs: Chris Evans, Tim Hales, Wendy Walwyn, Cui-Wei Xie);
The role of the endogenous opioid system in goal-directed and habitual behaviors both in drug free and opioid dependent conditions (PIs; Bernard Balleine, Nigel Maidment);
The functional regulation of transcripts in the striatonigral and striatopallidal projection neuron circuits and their relation to opioid drug reward (PI: William Yang).

In addition to the research specified within the components, a Pilot Program will continue to create new ' avenues of investigation within the Center and enrich the ongoing programs ( PIs: Kelsey Martin, Yi Sun, Jack Feldman).

For facilitation of the component and pilot projects, an Administrative Core, led by Chris Evans, Nigel Maidment, Martin Iguchi and the CSORDA Mouse Core (CMC), directed by Jim Boulter and Michael Fanselow, serve to integrate resources and coordinate the needs of the center.

The overall mission of CSORDA is to enhance the understanding of the mammalian opioid system thereby providing strategies for improving the clinical use of opioids and treatments for addiction.

Funded by NIDA June, 2007 to May, 2011

Publications

Complete publications list from Center

1.         Gioiosa, L., et al., Sex chromosome complement affects nociception in tests of acute and chronic exposure to morphine in mice. Horm Behav, 2008. 53(1): p. 124-30.
2.         Drisdel, R.C., et al., High affinity binding of epibatidine to serotonin type 3 receptors. J Biol Chem, 2008. 283(15): p. 9659-65.
3.         Contet, C., et al., Morphine-induced analgesic tolerance, locomotor sensitization and physical dependence do not require modification of mu opioid receptor, cdk5 and adenylate cyclase activity. Neuropharmacology, 2008. 54(3): p. 475-86.
4.         Goeldner, C., et al., Nociceptin receptor impairs recognition memory via interaction with NMDA receptor-dependent mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling in the hippocampus. J Neurosci, 2008. 28(9): p. 2190-8.
5.         Lobo, M.K., C. Yeh, and X.W. Yang, Pivotal role of early B-cell factor 1 in development of striatonigral medium spiny neurons in the matrix compartment. J Neurosci Res, 2008. 86(10): p. 2134-46.
6.         Gaveriaux-Ruff, C., et al., Inflammatory pain is enhanced in delta opioid receptor-knockout mice. Eur J Neurosci, 2008. 27(10): p. 2558-67.
7.         Brennan, K.C., et al., Distinct vascular conduction with cortical spreading depression. J Neurophysiol, 2007. 97(6): p. 4143-51.
8.         Wayne, N.L. and K. Kuwahara, Beta-endorphin alters electrical activity of gonadotropin releasing hormone neurons located in the terminal nerve of the teleost medaka (Oryzias latipes). Gen Comp Endocrinol, 2007. 150(1): p. 41-7.
9.         Ghiani, C.A., et al., Genetic program of neuronal differentiation and growth induced by specific activation of NMDA receptors. Neurochem Res, 2007. 32(2): p. 363-76.
10.       Contet, C., A. Dierich, and B.L. Kieffer, Knock-in mice reveal nonsense-mediated mRNA decay in the brain. Genesis, 2007. 45(1): p. 38-43.
11.       Brennan, K.C., et al., Reduced threshold for cortical spreading depression in female mice. Ann Neurol, 2007. 61(6): p. 603-6.
12.       Walwyn, W., C.J. Evans, and T.G. Hales, Beta-arrestin2 and c-Src regulate the constitutive activity and recycling of mu opioid receptors in dorsal root ganglion neurons. J Neurosci, 2007. 27(19): p. 5092-104.
13.       Shoblock, J.R. and N.T. Maidment, Enkephalin release promotes homeostatic increases in constitutively active mu opioid receptors during morphine withdrawal. Neuroscience, 2007. 149(3): p. 642-9.
14.       Lobo, M.K., et al., Genetic control of instrumental conditioning by striatopallidal neuron-specific S1P receptor Gpr6. Nat Neurosci, 2007. 10(11): p. 1395-7.
15.       Shoblock, J.R. and N.T. Maidment, Constitutively active micro opioid receptors mediate the enhanced conditioned aversive effect of naloxone in morphine-dependent mice. Neuropsychopharmacology, 2006. 31(1): p. 171-7.
16.       Contet, C., et al., Dissociation of analgesic and hormonal responses to forced swim stress using opioid receptor knockout mice. Neuropsychopharmacology, 2006. 31(8): p. 1733-44.
17.       Lobo, M.K., et al., FACS-array profiling of striatal projection neuron subtypes in juvenile and adult mouse brains. Nat Neurosci, 2006. 9(3): p. 443-52.
18.       Bryant, C.D., et al., NMDA receptor antagonism disrupts the development of morphine analgesic tolerance in male, but not female C57BL/6J mice. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol, 2006. 291(2): p. R315-26.
19.       Ghiani, C.A., et al., Gene expression is differentially regulated by neurotransmitters in embryonic neuronal cortical culture. J Neurochem, 2006. 97 Suppl 1: p. 35-43.
20.       Scherrer, G., et al., Knockin mice expressing fluorescent delta-opioid receptors uncover G protein-coupled receptor dynamics in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2006. 103(25): p. 9691-6.
21.       Beltran-Parrazal, L., et al., Mitochondrial transport in processes of cortical neurons is independent of intracellular calcium. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, 2006. 291(6): p. C1193-7.
22.       Walwyn, W.M., et al., Mu opioid receptor-effector coupling and trafficking in dorsal root ganglia neurons. Neuroscience, 2006. 142(2): p. 493-503.
23.       Kho, S.T., et al., Immunolocalization of orphanin FQ in rat cochlea. Brain Res, 2006. 1113(1): p. 146-52.
24.       Bryant, C.D., et al., Morphine analgesic tolerance in 129P3/J and 129S6/SvEv mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 2006. 85(4): p. 769-79.
25.       Sanders, M.J., B.L. Kieffer, and M.S. Fanselow, Deletion of the mu opioid receptor results in impaired acquisition of Pavlovian context fear. Neurobiol Learn Mem, 2005. 84(1): p. 33-41.
26.       Tryoen-Toth, P., et al., Inverse agonism and neutral antagonism at wild-type and constitutively active mutant delta opioid receptors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 2005. 313(1): p. 410-21.
27.       Skoubis, P.D., et al., Endogenous enkephalins, not endorphins, modulate basal hedonic state in mice. Eur J Neurosci, 2005. 21(5): p. 1379-84.
28.       Shoblock, J.R., J. Wichmann, and N.T. Maidment, The effect of a systemically active ORL-1 agonist, Ro 64-6198, on the acquisition, expression, extinction, and reinstatement of morphine conditioned place preference. Neuropharmacology, 2005. 49(4): p. 439-46.
29.       Wayne, N.L., et al., Whole-cell electrophysiology of gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons that express green fluorescent protein in the terminal nerve of transgenic medaka (Oryzias latipes). Biol Reprod, 2005. 73(6): p. 1228-34.
30.       Walwyn, W., et al., Induction of delta opioid receptor function by up-regulation of membrane receptors in mouse primary afferent neurons. Mol Pharmacol, 2005. 68(6): p. 1688-98.
31.       Lacoste, A. and C.J. Evans, Coning of Delta Opioid Receptors. The Delta Receptor, ed. C. K-J., F. Porecca, and W.J. E. 2004, New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc. 15-29.
32.       Patierno, S., H.E. Raybould, and C. Sternini, Abdominal surgery induces mu opioid receptor endocytosis in enteric neurons of the guinea-pig ileum. Neuroscience, 2004. 123(1): p. 101-9.
33.       Walwyn, W.M., et al., Functional coupling, desensitization and internalization of virally expressed mu opioid receptors in cultured dorsal root ganglion neurons from mu opioid receptor knockout mice. Neuroscience, 2004. 123(1): p. 111-21.
34.       Narayanan, S., et al., Endogenous opioids mediate basal hedonic tone independent of dopamine D-1 or D-2 receptor activation. Neuroscience, 2004. 124(1): p. 241-6.
35.       Itri, J., et al., Circadian rhythm in inhibitory synaptic transmission in the mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus. J Neurophysiol, 2004. 92(1): p. 311-9.
36.       Scherrer, G., et al., The delta agonists DPDPE and deltorphin II recruit predominantly mu receptors to produce thermal analgesia: a parallel study of mu, delta and combinatorial opioid receptor knockout mice. Eur J Neurosci, 2004. 19(8): p. 2239-48.
37.       Sforza, D.M. and D.J. Smith, Voxelation methods for genome scale imaging of brain gene expression. Methods Enzymol, 2004. 386: p. 314-23.
38.       Sforza, D.M., et al., Anatomical methods for voxelation of the mammalian brain. Neurochem Res, 2004. 29(6): p. 1299-306.
39.       Contet, C., A. Matifas, and B.L. Kieffer, No evidence for G-protein-coupled epsilon receptor in the brain of triple opioid receptor knockout mouse. Eur J Pharmacol, 2004. 492(2-3): p. 131-6.
40.       Contet, C., B.L. Kieffer, and K. Befort, Mu opioid receptor: a gateway to drug addiction. Curr Opin Neurobiol, 2004. 14(3): p. 370-8.
41.       Zhao, D., J.B. Watson, and C.W. Xie, Amyloid beta prevents activation of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II and AMPA receptor phosphorylation during hippocampal long-term potentiation. J Neurophysiol, 2004. 92(5): p. 2853-8.
42.       Colwell, C.S., et al., Selective deficits in the circadian light response in mice lacking PACAP. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol, 2004. 287(5): p. R1194-201.
43.       Evans, C.J., Secrets of the opium poppy revealed. Neuropharmacology, 2004. 47 Suppl 1: p. 293-9.
44.       Singh, R.P., et al., Investigation of different transcript quantitation tools for high-throughput mapping of brain gene expression using voxelation. J Mol Histol, 2004. 35(4): p. 397-402.
45.       Charles, A.C. and T.G. Hales, From inhibition to excitation: functional effects of interaction between opioid receptors. Life Sci, 2004. 76(5): p. 479-85.
46.       Li, Y., et al., Morphine induces desensitization of insulin receptor signaling. Mol Cell Biol, 2003. 23(17): p. 6255-66.
47.       Decaillot, F.M., et al., Opioid receptor random mutagenesis reveals a mechanism for G protein-coupled receptor activation. Nat Struct Biol, 2003. 10(8): p. 629-36.
48.       von Zastrow, M., et al., Regulated endocytosis of opioid receptors: cellular mechanisms and proposed roles in physiological adaptation to opiate drugs. Curr Opin Neurobiol, 2003. 13(3): p. 348-53.
49.       Charles, A.C., et al., Coexpression of delta-opioid receptors with micro receptors in GH3 cells changes the functional response to micro agonists from inhibitory to excitatory. Mol Pharmacol, 2003. 63(1): p. 89-95.
50.       Stewart, A., et al., Introduction of the 5-HT3B subunit alters the functional properties of 5-HT3 receptors native to neuroblastoma cells. Neuropharmacology, 2003. 44(2): p. 214-23.
51.       Minnis, J.G., et al., Ligand-induced mu opioid receptor endocytosis and recycling in enteric neurons. Neuroscience, 2003. 119(1): p. 33-42.
52.       Skoubis, P.D. and N.T. Maidment, Blockade of ventral pallidal opioid receptors induces a conditioned place aversion and attenuates acquisition of cocaine place preference in the rat. Neuroscience, 2003. 119(1): p. 241-9.
53.       Whitelegge, J.P., S.M. Gomez, and K.F. Faull, Proteomics of membrane proteins. Adv Protein Chem, 2003. 65: p. 271-307.
54.       Eitan, S., et al., Brain region-specific mechanisms for acute morphine-induced mitogen-activated protein kinase modulation and distinct patterns of activation during analgesic tolerance and locomotor sensitization. J Neurosci, 2003. 23(23): p. 8360-9.
55.       Beltran-Parrazal, L. and A. Charles, Riluzole inhibits spontaneous Ca2+ signaling in neuroendocrine cells by activation of K+ channels and inhibition of Na+ channels. Br J Pharmacol, 2003. 140(5): p. 881-8.
56.       Tan, M., et al., Phosphoinositide 3-kinase cascade facilitates mu-opioid desensitization in sensory neurons by altering G-protein-effector interactions. J Neurosci, 2003. 23(32): p. 10292-301.
57.       Lutfy, K., et al., Buprenorphine-induced antinociception is mediated by mu-opioid receptors and compromised by concomitant activation of opioid receptor-like receptors. J Neurosci, 2003. 23(32): p. 10331-7.
58.       Lutfy, K., et al., Orphanin FQ/nociceptin blocks cocaine-induced behavioral sensitization in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl), 2002. 164(2): p. 168-76.
59.       Kieffer, B.L. and C.J. Evans, Opioid tolerance-in search of the holy grail. Cell, 2002. 108(5): p. 587-90.
60.       Narayanan, S., K. Lutfy, and N. Maidment, Sensitization to cocaine after a single intra-cerebral injection of orphanin FQ/nociceptin. Behav Brain Res, 2002. 131(1-2): p. 97-103.
61.       Gomez, S.M., et al., The chloroplast grana proteome defined by intact mass measurements from liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. Mol Cell Proteomics, 2002. 1(1): p. 46-59.
62.       Maidment, N.T., et al., Rat ventral midbrain dopamine neurons express the orphanin FQ/nociceptin receptor ORL-1. Neuroreport, 2002. 13(9): p. 1137-40.
63.       Arjomand, J., S. Cole, and C.J. Evans, Novel orphanin FQ/nociceptin transcripts are expressed in human immune cells. J Neuroimmunol, 2002. 130(1-2): p. 100-8.
64.       Murphy, N.P., et al., Heroin-induced locomotion and mesolimbic dopamine release is unchanged in mice lacking the ORL.1 receptor gene. Brain Res, 2002. 953(1-2): p. 276-80.
65.       Safa, P., J. Boulter, and T.G. Hales, Functional properties of Cav1.3 (alpha1D) L-type Ca2+ channel splice variants expressed by rat brain and neuroendocrine GH3 cells. J Biol Chem, 2001. 276(42): p. 38727-37.
66.       Ishiyama, A., et al., Heroin-induced reversible profound deafness and vestibular dysfunction. Addiction, 2001. 96(9): p. 1363-4.
67.       Lutfy, K., T. Do, and N.T. Maidment, Orphanin FQ/nociceptin attenuates motor stimulation and changes in nucleus accumbens extracellular dopamine induced by cocaine in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl), 2001. 154(1): p. 1-7.
68.       Arjomand, J. and C.J. Evans, Differential splicing of transcripts encoding the orphanin FQ/nociceptin precursor. J Neurochem, 2001. 77(3): p. 720-9.
69.       Zaki, P.A., et al., Agonist-, antagonist-, and inverse agonist-regulated trafficking of the delta-opioid receptor correlates with, but does not require, G protein activation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 2001. 298(3): p. 1015-20.
70.       Skoubis, P.D., et al., Naloxone fails to produce conditioned place aversion in mu-opioid receptor knock-out mice. Neuroscience, 2001. 106(4): p. 757-63.
71.       Murphy, N.P., H.A. Lam, and N.T. Maidment, A comparison of morphine-induced locomotor activity and mesolimbic dopamine release in C57BL6, 129Sv and DBA2 mice. J Neurochem, 2001. 79(3): p. 626-35.
72.       Prather, P.L., et al., delta-Opioid receptors are more efficiently coupled to adenylyl cyclase than to L-type Ca(2+) channels in transfected rat pituitary cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 2000. 295(2): p. 552-62.
73.       Melone, M., et al., Etorphine increases the number of mu-opioid receptor-positive cells in the cerebral cortex. Neuroscience, 2000. 100(3): p. 439-43.
74.       Evans, C.J., et al., Opiate drugs: 'guilt by association'. Mol Psychiatry, 2000. 5(2): p. 122-3.
75.       Evans, C.J., Agonist selective mu-opioid receptor trafficking in rat central nervous system. Mol Psychiatry, 2000. 5(2): p. 121.
76.       Zaki, P.A., et al., Ligand-induced changes in surface mu-opioid receptor number: relationship to G protein activation? J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 2000. 292(3): p. 1127-34.
77.       Chen, Q.S., et al., Impairment of hippocampal long-term potentiation by Alzheimer amyloid beta-peptides. J Neurosci Res, 2000. 60(1): p. 65-72.
78.       Piros, E.T., et al., Cloned delta-opioid receptors in GH(3) cells inhibit spontaneous Ca(2+) oscillations and prolactin release through K(IR) channel activation. J Neurophysiol, 2000. 83(5): p. 2691-8.
79.       Xie, C.W., et al., Deficient long-term memory and long-lasting long-term potentiation in mice with a targeted deletion of neurotrophin-4 gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2000. 97(14): p. 8116-21.
80.       Lutfy, K. and N.T. Maidment, Blockade of mu-opioid receptors reveals the hyperalgesic effect of orphanin FQ/nociceptin in the rat hot plate test. Br J Pharmacol, 2000. 131(8): p. 1684-8.
81.       Lutfy, K., S.A. Sharza, and N.T. Maidment, Tolerance develops to the inhibitory effect of orphanin FQ on morphine-induced antinociception in the rat. Neuroreport, 1999. 10(1): p. 103-6.
82.       Charles, A.C., et al., L-type Ca2+ channels and K+ channels specifically modulate the frequency and amplitude of spontaneous Ca2+ oscillations and have distinct roles in prolactin release in GH3 cells. J Biol Chem, 1999. 274(11): p. 7508-15.
83.       Narayanan, S. and N.T. Maidment, Orphanin FQ and behavioral sensitization to cocaine. Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 1999. 63(2): p. 271-7.
84.       Murphy, N.P., Y. Lee, and N.T. Maidment, Orphanin FQ/nociceptin blocks acquisition of morphine place preference. Brain Res, 1999. 832(1-2): p. 168-70.
85.       Murphy, N.P. and N.T. Maidment, Orphanin FQ/nociceptin modulation of mesolimbic dopamine transmission determined by microdialysis. J Neurochem, 1999. 73(1): p. 179-86.
86.       Wei, W.Z. and C.W. Xie, Orphanin FQ suppresses NMDA receptor-dependent long-term depression and depotentiation in hippocampal dentate gyrus. Learn Mem, 1999. 6(5): p. 467-77.
87.       Murray, S.R., C.J. Evans, and M. von Zastrow, Phosphorylation is not required for dynamin-dependent endocytosis of a truncated mutant opioid receptor. J Biol Chem, 1998. 273(39): p. 24987-91.
88.       Keith, D.E., et al., mu-Opioid receptor internalization: opiate drugs have differential effects on a conserved endocytic mechanism in vitro and in the mammalian brain. Mol Pharmacol, 1998. 53(3): p. 377-84.
89.       Eckersell, C.B., P. Popper, and P.E. Micevych, Estrogen-induced alteration of mu-opioid receptor immunoreactivity in the medial preoptic nucleus and medial amygdala. J Neurosci, 1998. 18(10): p. 3967-76.
90.       Olive, M.F. and N.T. Maidment, Opioid regulation of pallidal enkephalin release: bimodal effects of locally administered mu and delta opioid agonists in freely moving rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 1998. 285(3): p. 1310-6.
91.       Unterwald, E.M., et al., Quantitative immunolocalization of mu opioid receptors: regulation by naltrexone. Neuroscience, 1998. 85(3): p. 897-905.
92.       Whitelegge, J.P., C.B. Gundersen, and K.F. Faull, Electrospray-ionization mass spectrometry of intact intrinsic membrane proteins. Protein Sci, 1998. 7(6): p. 1423-30.
93.       Monteillet-Agius, G., et al., ORL-1 and mu opioid receptor antisera label different fibers in areas involved in pain processing. J Comp Neurol, 1998. 399(3): p. 373-83.
94.       Yu, T.P. and C.W. Xie, Orphanin FQ/nociceptin inhibits synaptic transmission and long-term potentiation in rat dentate gyrus through postsynaptic mechanisms. J Neurophysiol, 1998. 80(3): p. 1277-84.
95.       Olive, M.F. and N.T. Maidment, Repeated heroin administration increases extracellular opioid peptide-like immunoreactivity in the globus pallidus/ventral pallidum of freely moving rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl), 1998. 139(3): p. 251-4.
96.       Faull, K.F., et al., Revised primary structures of rat pituitary gamma-lipotrophin and beta-endorphin. Neuropeptides, 1998. 32(4): p. 339-49.
97.       Rocha, L.L., C.J. Evans, and N.T. Maidment, Amygdala kindling modifies extracellular opioid peptide content in rat hippocampus measured by microdialysis. J Neurochem, 1997. 68(2): p. 616-24.
98.       Yu, T.P., et al., Orphanin FQ inhibits synaptic transmission and long-term potentiation in rat hippocampus. Hippocampus, 1997. 7(1): p. 88-94.
99.       Gylys, K.H., et al., cAMP decreases steady-state levels of delta-opioid receptor mRNA in NG108-15 cells. Neuroreport, 1997. 8(9-10): p. 2369-72.
100.    Xie, C.W. and D.V. Lewis, Involvement of cAMP-dependent protein kinase in mu-opioid modulation of NMDA-mediated synaptic currents. J Neurophysiol, 1997. 78(2): p. 759-66.
101.    Olive, M.F., et al., Presynaptic versus postsynaptic localization of mu and delta opioid receptors in dorsal and ventral striatopallidal pathways. J Neurosci, 1997. 17(19): p. 7471-9.
102.    Rocha, L., et al., Pentylenetetrazol-induced kindling: early involvement of excitatory and inhibitory systems. Epilepsy Res, 1996. 26(1): p. 105-13.
103.    Li, X., D.E. Keith, Jr., and C.J. Evans, Mu opioid receptor-like sequences are present throughout vertebrate evolution. J Mol Evol, 1996. 43(3): p. 179-84.
104.    Befort, K., et al., The conserved aspartate residue in the third putative transmembrane domain of the delta-opioid receptor is not the anionic counterpart for cationic opiate binding but is a constituent of the receptor binding site. Mol Pharmacol, 1996. 49(2): p. 216-23.
105.    Zhu, J., et al., Irreversible binding of cis-(+)-3-methylfentanyl isothiocyanate to the delta opioid receptor and determination of its binding domain. J Biol Chem, 1996. 271(3): p. 1430-4.
106.    Monteillet-Agius, G., et al., Regulation and distribution of members of the opioid receptor family. Proc West Pharmacol Soc, 1996. 39: p. 69-70.
107.    Zaki, P.A., et al., Opioid receptor types and subtypes: the delta receptor as a model. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol, 1996. 36: p. 379-401.
108.    Miotto, K., et al., Human opioid receptors: chromosomal mapping and mRNA localization. NIDA Res Monogr, 1996. 161: p. 72-82.
109.    Rocha, L., et al., Opioid peptide release and mu-receptor binding during amygdala kindling in rats: regional discordances. Epilepsy Res Suppl, 1996. 12: p. 215-28.
110.    Anton, B., et al., Immunohistochemical localization of ORL-1 in the central nervous system of the rat. J Comp Neurol, 1996. 368(2): p. 229-51.
111.    Keith, D.E., et al., Morphine activates opioid receptors without causing their rapid internalization. J Biol Chem, 1996. 271(32): p. 19021-4.
112.    Sternini, C., et al., Agonist-selective endocytosis of mu opioid receptor by neurons in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1996. 93(17): p. 9241-6.
113.    Piros, E.T., et al., Voltage-dependent inhibition of Ca2+ channels in GH3 cells by cloned mu- and delta-opioid receptors. Mol Pharmacol, 1996. 50(4): p. 947-56.
114.    Murphy, N.P., H.T. Ly, and N.T. Maidment, Intracerebroventricular orphanin FQ/nociceptin suppresses dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens of anaesthetized rats. Neuroscience, 1996. 75(1): p. 1-4.
115.    Piros, E.T., T.G. Hales, and C.J. Evans, Functional analysis of cloned opioid receptors in transfected cell lines. Neurochem Res, 1996. 21(11): p. 1277-85.
116.    Li, X., D.E. Keith, Jr., and C.J. Evans, Multiple opioid receptor-like genes are identified in diverse vertebrate phyla. FEBS Lett, 1996. 397(1): p. 25-9.
117.    Trapaidze, N., et al., Sequestration of the delta opioid receptor. Role of the C terminus in agonist-mediated internalization. J Biol Chem, 1996. 271(46): p. 29279-85.
118.    Milligan, C.E., et al., Induction of opioid receptor-mediated macrophage chemotactic activity after neonatal brain injury. J Immunol, 1995. 154(12): p. 6571-81.
119.    Piros, E.T., et al., Ca2+ channel and adenylyl cyclase modulation by cloned mu-opioid receptors in GH3 cells. Mol Pharmacol, 1995. 47(5): p. 1041-9.
120.    Olive, M.F., et al., Microdialysis reveals a morphine-induced increase in pallidal opioid peptide release. Neuroreport, 1995. 6(8): p. 1093-6.
121.    Kaufman, D.L., et al., Characterization of the murine mu opioid receptor gene. J Biol Chem, 1995. 270(26): p. 15877-83.
122.    Abood, M.E., et al., Evaluation of a series of N-alkyl benzomorphans in cell lines expressing transfected delta- and mu-opioid receptors. Biochem Pharmacol, 1995. 50(6): p. 851-9.
123.    Law, P.Y., et al., Analysis of delta-opioid receptor activities stably expressed in CHO cell lines: function of receptor density? J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 1994. 271(3): p. 1686-94.
124.    Prather, P.L., et al., Ability of delta-opioid receptors to interact with multiple G-proteins is independent of receptor density. J Biol Chem, 1994. 269(33): p. 21293-302.
125.    Kaufman, D.L., et al., Localization of the delta-opioid receptor gene to mouse chromosome 4 by linkage analysis. Genomics, 1994. 19(2): p. 405-6.
126.    Rocha, L., et al., Microdialysis reveals changes in extracellular opioid peptide levels in the amygdala induced by amygdaloid kindling stimulation. Exp Neurol, 1994. 126(2): p. 277-83.
127.    Keith, D.E., Jr., B. Anton, and C.J. Evans, Characterization and mapping of a delta opioid receptor clone from NG108-15 cells. Proc West Pharmacol Soc, 1993. 36: p. 299-306.
128.    Bickel, U., et al., Pharmacologic effects in vivo in brain by vector-mediated peptide drug delivery. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1993. 90(7): p. 2618-22.
129.    Stevens, R.L., et al., Porcine cerebroside sulfate activator: further structural characterization and disulfide identification. Biochemistry, 1993. 32(15): p. 4051-9.
130.    Von Zastrow, M., D.E. Keith, Jr., and C.J. Evans, Agonist-induced state of the delta-opioid receptor that discriminates between opioid peptides and opiate alkaloids. Mol Pharmacol, 1993. 44(1): p. 166-72.
131.    Evans, C.J., et al., Cloning of a delta opioid receptor by functional expression. Science, 1992. 258(5090): p. 1952-5.
132.    Wagner, J.J., C.J. Evans, and C. Chavkin, Focal stimulation of the mossy fibers releases endogenous dynorphins that bind kappa 1-opioid receptors in guinea pig hippocampus. J Neurochem, 1991. 57(1): p. 333-43.
133.    Madden, J.t., et al., Isolation and characterization of opioid peptides from rabbit cerebellum. J Neurochem, 1991. 56(6): p. 1914-20.
134.    Maidment, N.T., et al., Dual determination of extracellular cholecystokinin and neurotensin fragments in rat forebrain: microdialysis combined with a sequential multiple antigen radioimmunoassay. Neuroscience, 1991. 45(1): p. 81-93.
135.    Maidment, N.T., et al., Postmortem changes in rat brain extracellular opioid peptides revealed by microdialysis. J Neurochem, 1991. 56(6): p. 1980-4.
136.    Van Gelder, R.N., et al., Amplified RNA synthesized from limited quantities of heterogeneous cDNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1990. 87(5): p. 1663-7.
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